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A. K. Jain, A. Ross, and S. Prabhakar, "An Introduction to Biometric Recognition," IEEE Trans. on CSVT, Special Issue on Image- and Video- Based Biometrics, August, 2003. W. Zhao, R. Chellappa, A. Rosenfeld, and P. J. Phillips,(2000) "Face Recognition: A Literature Survey", UMD CfAR Technical Report CAR-TR948. R. Chellappa, C.L. Wilson, and S. Sirohey, “Human and machine recognition of faces: a survey”, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 83, pp. 705-741, May 1995. M. Yang, D. J. Kriegman, and N. Ahuja, "Detecting Face in Images: A Survey", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 34-58, Jan. 2002. E. Hjelmas, "Face Detection: A survey", Computer Vision and Image Understanding, Vol 83, pp. 236-274, 2001. J. Zhang, Y. Yan, and M. Lades, “Face Recognition: Eigenface, Elastic Matching, and Neural Net”, Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 85, No. 9, pp.1423-1435, Sep. 1997.n R. Brunelli and T. Poggio, “Face recognition: features versus templates”, IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 15, No. 10, pp. 1042-1052, Oct. 1993. XM2VTS Samy Bengio, Johnny Mariéthoz, and S. Marcel, "Evaluation of Biometric Technology on XM2VTS ", IDIAPRR 21, IDIAP, 2001. J. Matas, M. Hamouz, K. Jonsson, J. Kittler, C. Kotropoulos, and A. Tefas ,"Comparison of Face Verification Results on the XM2VTS Database", Proceedings of ICPR, 2000. Feret P. J. Phillips, P. Grother, R. J. Micheals, D. M. Blackburn, E. Tabassi, M. Bone, "Face Recognition Vendor Test: Evaluation Reprot" P. J. Phillips, P. Grother, R. J. Micheals, D. M. Blackburn, E. Tabassi, M. Bone, "Face Recognition Vendor Test: Overview and Summary" P. J. Phillips, P. Grother, R. J. Micheals, D. M. Blackburn, E. Tabassi, M. Bone, "Face Recognition Vendor Test: Technical Appdndices" P. J. Phillips, H. Moon, S. A. Rizvi, and P. J. Rauss, "The Feret Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 22, No. 10, Oct. 2000. P. J. Phillips, H. Moon, and S. A. Rizvi, "The Feret Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms", Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp. 137-143, 1997. P. J. Phillips, H. Moon, S. A. Rizvi, and P. J. Rauss, “The FERET Evaluation”, in Face Recognitioin: From Theory to Applications, H. Wechsler, P. J. Phillips, V. Bruce, F.F. Soulie, and T.S. Huang, Eds., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998. P. J. Phillips, P. J. Rauss, and S. Z. Der, “FERET (Face Recognition Technology) Recognition Algorithm Development and Test Results”, October 1996. Army Research Lab technical report 1995. P. J. Phillips, H. Moon, P. J. Rauss, and S. Rizvi, “The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face Recognition Algorithms”. S. Rizvi, P. J. Phillips and H. Moon, “The FERET Verification Testing Protocol for Face Recognition Algorithms”. "The Face Recognition Technology (Feret) Database" Eigenface M. Turk, "A Random Walk Through Eigenface", IEICE Trans. INF. & SYST., Vol. E84-D, No. 12, Dec. 2001. M. Turk and A. Pentland, "Eigenfaces for recognition", J. of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 71-86, 1991. M. Turk and A. Pentland, “Face recognition using eigenfaces”, Proceedings of IEEE, CVPR, pp. 586-591, Hawaii, June, 1991. I. Craw, N. Costen, T. Kato, and S. Akamatsu, “How Should We Represent Faces for Automatic Recognition?” IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 21, No.8, pp. 725-736, August 1999. A. Pentland, B. Moghaddam, T. Starner, “View-based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition”, Proceedings of IEEE, CVPR, 1994. B. Moghaddam and A. Pentland, "Face Recognition using View-Based and Modular Eigenspace", Automatic Systems for the Identification and Inspection of Humans, 2277, 1994. P. Hall, D. Marshall, and R. Martin, "Merging and Splitting Eigenspace Models," IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 22, No. 9, pp. 1042-1049, 2002. A. Yilmaz and M. G?kmen, “Eigenhill vs. eigenface and eigenedge”, Pattern Recognition, Vol. 34, pp. 181-184, 2001. J. Yang, and J. Yang, "From Image Vector to Matrix: A Straightforward Image Projection Technique-IMPCA vs. PCA", Pattern Recognition, Vol. 35, 2002. T. Shakunaga, and K. Shigenari, "Decomposed Eigenface for Face Recognition under Various Lighting Conditions", Proceedings of CVPR, pp. 864-871, 2001. J. B. Tenenbaum, and W. T. Freeman, "Separating Style and Sontent with Linear Models," Neural Computation, Vol. 12, pp. 1247-1283, 2000. W. T. Freeman, and J. B. Tenenbaum, "Learning Bilinear Models for Two-Factor Problems in Vision," Proceedings of CVPR, pp. 554-560, 1997. M. Alex, O. Vasilescu, and D. Terzopoulos, "Multilinear Analysis of Image Ensembles: TensorFaces," Proceedings of ECCV, pp. 447-460, 2002. H. Kim, D. Kim, and S. Y. Bang, "Face Retrieval Using 1st- and 2nd-Order PCA Mixture Model," Proceedings of ICIP, pp. 605-608, 2002. D. S. Turaga, and T. Chen, "Face Recognition Using Mixtures of Principal Components," Proceedings of ICIP, pp. 101-104, 2002. A. Lemieux, and M. Parizeau, "Experiments on Eigenfaces Robustness", Proceedings of ICPR, pp. 421-424, 2002. C. Chennubhotla, and A. Jepson, "Sparse PCA Extracting Multi-scale Structure from Data", Proceedings of ICCV, pp. 641-647, 2001. W. S. Yambor, B. A. Draper, and J. R. Beveridge, "Analyzing PCA-based Face Recognition Algorithm: Eigenvector Selection and Distance Measures", R. Gross, J. Yang, and A. Waibel, "Growing Gaussian Mixture Models for Pose Invariant Face Recognition," Proceedings of ICPR, pp. 1088-1091, 2000. C. Ki-Chung, K. S. Cheol, K. S. Ryong, “Face Recognition Using Principal Component Analysis of Gabor Filter Responses”, Proceedings of International Workshop on Recognition, Analysis, and Tracking of Faces and Gestures in Real-Time Systems, pp. 53-57, 1999. H. Boratschnig, L. Paletta, M. Prantl and Axel Pinz, "Active Object Recognition in Parametric Eigenspace", in: P.H. Lewis and M.S. Nixon (ed), Proc. Brit. Mach. Vision. Conf. pp 629-638, 1998. H. M. El-Bakry, M. A. Abo-Elsoud, "Integrating Fourier Descriptors and PCA with Neural Networks for Face Recognition", Seventh National Radio Science Conference, Feb. 2000. H. Peng and D. Zhang, "Dual EIgenspace Method for Human Face recognition", IEEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp.283-284, 1997. L. J. Shen and H. C. Fu, "A Principal Component Based BDNN for Face Recognition", International Conference on Neiral Network, Vol. 3, pp. 1368-1372, 1997. S. Lee, S. Jung, J. Kwon, and S. Hong, "Face Detection and Recognition Using PCA", Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conference, Vol. 1, pp. 84-87, 1999. E. Lizama, D. Waldoestl, and B. Nickolay, "An Eigenfaces-Based Automatic Face Recognition System", IEEE International Conference on Computational Cybernetics and Simulation, Vol. 1, pp. 174-177, 1997. A. Z. Kouzani, F. He, and K. Sammut, "MultiResolution Eigenface-Components", Proceedings of IEEE Region 10 Annual Conference. Speech and Image Technologies for Computing and Telecommunications, Vol. 1, pp. 353-356, 1997. P. Navarrete and J. Ruiz-del-Solar, "Eigenspace-based Recognition of Faces: Comparisons and A New Approach", Proceeddings of Image Analysis and Processing, pp. 42-47, 2001. Fisher Face (LDA) V. Belhumeur, J. Hespanda, and D. Kiregeman, “Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection”, IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 711-720, July 1997. W. Zhao, R. Chellapa, and P. Philips, “Subspace linear discriminant analysis for face recognition”, Technical Report CAR-TR-914, 1996. T. Cooke, "Two Variations on Fisher's Linear Discriminant for Pattern Recognition", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 268-273, Feb. 2002. Aleix M. Martinez, and Avinash C. Kark, “PCA versus LDA”, IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 228-233, Feb. 2001. M. Loog, R.P.W. Duin and R. Haeb-Umbach, "Multiclass Linear Dimension Reduction by Weighted Pairwise Fisher Criteria", IEEE Trans. PAMI, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 762-766, July 2001. K. Etemad, and R. Chellapa, “Discriminant analysis for recognition of human faces”, Proceedings of International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp. 2148-2151, 1996. W. Zhao, R. Chellappa, and N. Nandhakumar, “Empirical performance analysis of linear discriminant classifiers”, Proceedings of CVPR, pp. 164-169, 1998. W. Zhao, R. Chellapa, and A. Krishnaswamy, "Discriminant analysis of principal components for face recognition", Proceedings of Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp. 336-341, 1998. W. Zhao, A. Krishnaswamy, R. Chellappa, D. Swet, and J. Weng, "Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components for Face Recognition", Face Recognition: From Theory to Application, H. Wechsler, P.J. Phillips, V. Bruce, F.F. Soulie, and T.S. Huang, eds., pp. 73-85, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998. D.L. Swets and J. Weng, "Using Discriminant Eigenfeatures for Image Retrieval", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 18, No. 8, pp. 831-836, 1996. R.P.W. Duin,and R. Haeb-Umbach, "Multiclass Linear Dimension Reduction by Weighted Pairwise Fisher Criteria", IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 762-766, July, 2001. C. Liu, and H. Wechsler, “A shape- and texture-based enhanced fisher classifier for face recognition”, IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 598-608, April, 2001. C. Liu, and H. Wechsler, “Gabor Feature Based Classification Using the Enhanced Fisher Linear Discriminant Model for Face Recognition”, IEEE Trans. on Image Processing, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 467-476, April, 2002. C. Liu, and H. Wechsler, "Gabor Feature Classifier for Face Recognition", Proceedings of ICCV, Vol. 2, pp. 270-275, 2001. H. Yu and J. Yang, “A direct LDA algorithm for high-dimensional data-with application to face recognition”, Pattern Recognition, Vol. 34, pp. 2067-2070, 2001. L. Chen, H. Liao, M. Ko, J. Liin, and G. Yu, "A New LDA-based Face Recognition System Which can Solve the Samll Sample Size Problem", Pattern Recognition, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 1713-1726, Oct. 2000. C. Liu and H. welchsler, "Enhanced Fisher Linear Discriminant Models for Face Recognition", Proceedings of ICPR, Vol. 2, pp. 1368-1372, 1998. H. Kim, D. Kim, and S. Y. Bang, "Face Recognition Using LDA Mixture Model", Proceedings of ICPR, pp. 486-489, 2002. Y. Bing, J. Lianfu, and C. Ping, "A New LDA-based Method for Face Recognition", Proceedings of ICPR, pp. 168-171, 2002. Y. Bing, C. Ping, and J. Lianfu, "Recognizing Faces with Expressions: Within-class Space and Between-class Space", Proceedings of ICPR, pp. 139-142, 2002. R. Huang, Q. Liu, H. Lu, and S. Ma, "Solving Small Sample Size Problem of LDA", Proceedings of ICPR, pp. 29-32, 2002. H. Kim, D. Kim, and S. Y. Bang, "Extensions of LDA by PCA Mixture Model and Class-Wise Features," Pattern Recognition, pp. 1095-1105, Vol. 36, 2003. Bayesian B. 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Kamei, "Face Retrieval by An Adaptive Mahalanobis Distance Using A Confidence Factor," Proceedings of ICIP, pp. 153-156, 2002. P. Comon, “Independent Component Analysis-A New Concept?”, Signal Processing, Vol. 36, pp. 287-314, 1994. M. S. Bartlett, T.J. Sejnowski, “Independent of Face Images: A Representation for Face Recognition”, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Joint Symposium on Neural Computation, Pasadena, CA, May 17, 1997. B. J. Frey, A. Colmenarez, and T. S. Huang, “Mixtures of local linear subspaces for face recognition”, CVPR, 1998. D. Swets, J. Weng, “Using discriminant eigenfeatures for image retrieval”, IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 16, No. 8, pp. 831-836, August, 1996. C. Liu, and H. Wechsler, “Evolutionary persuit and its application to face recognition”, IEEE Trans. on PAMI, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 570-582, June, 2000. M. Yang, N. Ahuja and D. Kriegman, “Face recognition using kernel eigenfaces”, Proceedings of ICIP, Vol. 1, pp. 37-40, 2000. Q. Liu, R. Huang, H. Lu and S. 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Muller, "Fisher Discriminant Analysis with Kernels," In Y.-H. Hu, J. Larsen, E. Wilson, and S. Douglas, editors, Neural Networks for Signal Processing IX, pages 41--48. IEEE, 1999. J. Lu, K. N. Plataniotis, and A. N. Venetsanopoulos, "Face Recognition Using Kernel Direct Discriminant Analysis," IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, pp. 117-126, Vol. 14, No. 1, Jan. 2003. M. Yang, N. Ahuja and D. Kriegman, “Face recognition using kernel eigenfaces”, Proceedings of ICIP, Vol. 1, pp. 37-40, 2000. Q. Liu, R. Huang, H. Lu and S. Ma, “Kernel-Based Optimized Feature Vectors Selection and Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition”, Proceedings of ICPR, pp. 362-365, 2002. K. I. Kim, K. Jung, and H. J. Kim, "Face Recognition Using Kernel Principal Component Analysis," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, pp. 40-42, Vol. 9, No. 2, February, 2002. T. V. Gestel, J. Suykens, G. Lanckriet, A. lambrechts, B. D. Moor and J. 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Bishop, and M. E. Tipping, "A hierarchical Variable Model for Data Visualization," IEEE Trans. on PAMI, pp. 281-293, Vol. 20, No. 3,March, 1998. G. E. Hinton, P. Dayan, and M. Revow, "Modeling the Manifolds of Images of Handwritten Digits," IEEE Trans. on Neural Networks, pp. 65-74, Vol. 8, No. 1, Jan. 1997. G. E. Hintion, M. Revow, and P. Dayan, "Recognizing Handwritten Digits Using Mixtures of Local Models," Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7, pp. 1015-1022. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1995. Elastic bunch graph matching L. Wiskott, J.M. Fellous, N. Kruger and C. von der Malsburg, "Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching," IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 19, No.7, pp. 775-779, July, 1997. L. Wiskott, J. Fellous, N. Kruger, and C.von der Malsburg, "Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching". L. Wiskott, J.M. Fellous, N. 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